Management Plan For Patients With Cancer - 853 Words

. I was requested, by many staff, to return again. †¢ Commended for efficiently arranging patient disposition, thus minimising disruption to flow. †¢ First on-call for consultation of a variety of ED referrals, which required prioritisation, patient assessment, investigation requests, patient flow awareness and instituting management plans. †¢ Co-ordinated transfers via RFDS to tertiary hospitals for complex patients while managing up to 23 patients with my supervisor. †¢ Commended by rural GPs whom I phoned prior to patient discharge to enable an effective handover. †¢ Recognised for completing quality discharge letters, leaving pending summaries to a record low. †¢ Worked efficiently for preparation of, and during, fortnightly multidisciplinary meetings that discussed management for patients with cancer. My performance was commended by my Professors. ïÆ'Ëœ To complete the Medical Service Improvement Program at Rockingham General Hospital in 2016. ïÆ'Ëœ Involved in DVT prophylaxis and APACHE audit in ICU SJOG Murdoch in 2015. ïÆ'Ëœ Involved in the National Stroke Foundation Audit 2015 at Fiona Stanley Hospital with Dr Ghia and Gill Edmonds (CNS) which aims to evaluate the process in stroke management. ïÆ'Ëœ AHC antimicrobial stewardship program 2014: this audit examined the use of intraoperative antibiotics used by anaesthetists. I was involved in creating local guidelines for intraoperative antibiotics. I presented this information to the regional anaesthetists with Chief Pharmacist MsShow MoreRelatedCancer Pain Management And The Role Of Social Work855 Words   |  4 Pagesthis article â€Å"Cancer pain management and the role of social work: Barriers and interventions,† will increase social workers’ awareness of the pervasiveness of cancer-related pain. 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Type of research study Qualitative Purpose of study The purpose of this study was to focus on nurses’ perceptions about chronic and acute pain in long-term care. Limited research exists regarding the attitudes of pain management and there is a need indicated to focus on nurses’ perceptions about chronicRead MoreContinuity Of Care For Different Multi Disciplinary Teams Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the point of view of patients and providers. It is mainly related to the satisfaction of patients with both facets of interpersonal and coordination of care. Traditionally, continuity of health care is perceived as the endless relationship between the patients and identified health care providers. However, continuity of care cannot be evaluated mainly through the experiences and testimonials of patients because it is entangled to other aspects such as case management and multidisciplinary teamRead MoreCare And The Cancer Patient1577 Words   |  7 PagesAND THE CANCER PATIENT Approach to Care and the Cancer Patient Jennifer Swartz Grand Canyon University NRS 410 October 28, 2012 Approach to Care and the Cancer Patient â€Å"When it comes to cancer care, studies suggest that survival rates improve for patients when they are cared for by a multidisciplinary team† (Approach to Care, 2012, p. 1). This quote from the Wilmot Cancer Center’s article on how to approach care with cancer patients sums up two key pieces in approaching cancer care. FirstRead MoreEssay on Mens Health 1674 Words   |  7 Pagesis defined as the holistic management of health conditions and risks that are most common or specific to men in order to promote optimal physical, emotional and social health’. Male sexual health is important, however, men’s health goes beyond sexual and reproductive health (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 2007). Skills are developed by nurses allowing them to treat patients in all of the different levels of disease prevention. By conducting a patient health assessment a nurse

We Must Reform Our Criminal Justice System Essay - 2372 Words

Hillary Clinton said, We can do better. We can not ignore the inequalities that persist in our justice system that undermine our most deeply held values of fairness and equality. She was correct in her statement, we need to reform our criminal justice system because it is highly lacking in fairness and equality. 2.38 million Americans are in prison, with another five million on probation or parole. 1 in 31 adults in the United States are in jail, prison, or on probation or parole. (Ferner) The populations of our prison are increasing, while trust in law enforcers is declining, and if we want to solve the inequalities we must reform parts of our criminal justice system. We should reform our criminal justice system to fix the inequalities of mandatory sentences, bail, and we should create reentry programs to help released inmates stay crime free. In the past years we have seen many riots and debates over the racism and inequalities in our criminal justice system. We have heard story after story, and watched video after video of police brutality and racism in America. We saw the unfair outcome of the Zimmerman and Treyvon Martin case. When George Zimmerman followed Treyvon Martin, a seventeen year old African American boy who was walking around the neighborhood, just because he looked suspicious to him. Even after notifying the police, Zimmerman followed Martin and ended up shooting him, after Zimmerman had hung up with the dispatcher who told him they did not need himShow MoreRelatedWe Must Reform Our Criminal Justice System Essay1903 Words   |  8 Pagessaid, We can do better. We cannot ignore the inequalities that persist in our justice system that undermine our most deeply held values of fairness and equality. 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The author posits that the implementation of juvenile justice is constantly swinging from one extreme to the other based, largely, on the public’s perceptionRead MoreEssay on The Mission of the Correctional System 1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe correctional system has three main goals: punish, protect the community and rehabilitate the offender. However, it is unclear how well the modern U.S correctional system achieves these goals and whether the money invested in the correctional system might be better spent. These are some of the points I will cover regarding what I think about the correctional system. Department of Corrections is an agency of the state that is responsible for the supervision and management of convicted felonsRead More2.3 Conclusion:. 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Before researching the U.S. criminal justice system, I would never have considered the fact that the U.S. has the worst prison populationRead MoreA Report On The United States s Nationwide Prison Population748 Words   |  3 Pagesharsher punishments for non-violent crimes, resulting in more than  1.57 million  inmates being imprisoned in federal, state, and local prisons and jails at any given time. In addition, an estimated 12 million Americans cycle through the U.S judicial system for se ntences less than one year in length, raising the estimated overall imprisonment rate, at any given date, to 2.4 million. These inmates, in addition to those barred from voting due to past felony convictions, make up approximately 2.5 percent

Social interaction free essay sample

Essay Question – Which is more important in shaping individual identity: social structure or social interaction? In the past the idea of identity was easily defined, people knew who they were as defined by their traditions and religion. Identities were shared and people existed as part of a community where identity was established and integrated in a natural order. However, as capitalism developed and modern societies rapidly changed, so did people’s view of themselves. Today people change their identities in a chameleon like way in search of their ‘true selves’ moulding into the situations they find themselves (Macionis Plummer 2012, pp.228-229). The question therefore remains, how does a person’s individual identity develop? This essay examines whether individual identity is shaped by our social interactions within our immediate environment or by the structures that make up our broader social context by examining past sociological theoretical perspectives. The argument will surmise that an individual’s identity is neither a result of social interaction or social structure independently, rather, that our identity is formed by both, dependently in different situations and times in our lives. Identity is about belonging, it is about what you have in common but also about what differentiates you from others in combination with your social relationships (Weeks, cited in Macionis Plummer 2012, p.228). There has often been a distinction made between individual and collective identity as distinct from one another, the former being unique to oneself and how one differs, the latter being shared by the greater collectively and how one is similar. Both have typically been accepted as uniquely independent (Jenkins 2008, pp.37-38). Recent views suggest that both emerge out of similarity and difference to make up our individual identity. From a macro sociological perspective identity is shaped by the outer, the greater systems and structures to which we are immersed in. From a micro sociological perspective identity is shaped by the inner, how we feel about and relate to ourselves and others. According to Back et al. (2012, p.97) we are not born with an existing conscious perception of ourselves, rather we learn this through our bodily experience and social interaction. This is socialisation  and it takes on a very important role. It is through these interactions, signs and symbols that identities are formed. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead were two of the first symbolic interactionists. Symbolic interationalists study how people use symbols to make sense of their world and communicate with others. They posit that people evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to others (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, pp.26-27). Cooley believed that the self was socially created through interaction. The term he phrased the ‘looking-glass self’ encompasses three elements, firstly; imagining how we appear to the people around us, then interpreting their reactions, and finally developing our self-concept as a result. This can either be a positive or negative self-concept depending on the interpretation and even if this interpretation is inaccurate it still forms the basis of how we see ourselves (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, p.55). Similarly, Mead states that there cannot be a core self as distinct from the self that emerges through social experience. Mead’s argument is that social interaction is essential to gaining a sense of oneself and he believed that human behaviour was learnt as a result of social interaction (Germov Poole 2011, p.40). Mead’s concept of self is that self is inseparable from society, and this social interaction involves looking at ourselves as others would see us (Macionis Plummer 2012, p.214). Accordingly, the self has two components; the ‘I’ and ‘me’. The ‘I’ is the self as subject, the active part of self that responds to others, whereas the ‘me’ is the self as object, the part that is interactive with others (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, p.56). Irving Goffman (1959) also surmised that we act differently in different situations and this is what forms the basis of his dramaturgical analysis. He believed that socialisation consists of learning to perform on a stage and likened everyday life to acting out roles in a play. Goffman states that we have front and back stages, meaning we have a self-image and an image we portray to the public and the efforts we employ to manage these images is what he called impression management. At any point in time we may have a number of roles whether this is mother, student or employee, and how we perceive ourselves and what we present to others differs at any given time depending on the role we take on (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, p.90). This social interaction is what he suggests is a form of maintaining one’s  face or a particular mask we put on to present ourselves in a socially desirable way. This is what is termed the interaction order (Germov Poole 2011, p.41). The view that social interaction is important to identity can be supported by evidence contextualised in the nature; nurture debate. This has been shown through the discovery of feral children who later become assimilated into regular life. Feral children who have been left with little or no human contact are often unable to function as social beings (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, p.53; Macionis Plummer 2012, pp.209-211). This supports the notion that social interaction is central to individual identity in that the self develops as we gain a sense of others. However, to suggest that social interaction is the only input to developing identity has been criticised as missing the broader macro level influence. Alternate theories presented by Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Herbert Spencer address this. From the perspective of Durkheim and Parsons the identity emerges not from social interaction, but from social structure. While Cooley, Mead and Goffman focus on the up close face to face study of social life, Durkheim and Parsons explore the larger scale social structures such as state and economy. This perspective suggests that we are influenced by the social structure in which we find ourselves. Social structure refers to the framework in which societies exist and the way in which society is organised with typical group patterns which shape behaviour (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai- Inesedy 2011, p.77). Social structures include social institutions, culture, social class and status as well as the groups to which we belong and these can differ by society. Durkheim believed that patterns of behaviour form structures and that society is rooted in collective life. His functionalist approach suggests that social order is maintained through the sum of all the functioning parts and individuals are moulded by the broader social structures and systems in which they exist. We as individuals when faced with temptations are reeled in by the constraints of society as it regulates us through moral discipline (Macionis Plummer 2012, p.125). Parsons theory of structural functionalism was based on the works of Durkheim and Weber. Parsons believed that society is an organism made up of interrelated parts where social structures are dependent on each other and in order for society to function smoothly these parts must work together. He purported that any social system has four functional  prerequisites and these are the problems that society must solve to survive (Parsons 1996, p.23). Similarly, Spencer saw the social as a functioning structure. He argues that societies have functioning structures just as bodies do and these structures evolve over time much like the body grows and adapts to the environment (Plummer 2010, pp.32-33). However, debate continues over whether structure in itself can solely be responsible for how one defines their identity. Criticism of the functionalist approach is that we are not merely puppets or prisoners of the societies in which we find ourselves whose behaviour is bound by the forces at hand. More recent theories suggest that both structure and interaction merge to form identity whether this is individual or collective as how we define ourselves within a group. In Giddens theory of structuration which he defines as the structuring of social relations across time and space, in virtue of the duality of structure (Giddens 1984, p. 376), he suggests that human agency and social structure are in a relationship with each other; that structures can only exist in and through social action. This duality of structure refers to the fact that structures are both produced by, as well as the medium of human action (Craib 2011, pp.29-34). This means that whilst a social structure exists with its institutions, social classes and established ways of doing things; these can also be produced, reproduced or transformed. However, as individuals we are also not limitless in our actions. Giddens draws an anology to ‘language as a structure’; whilst there are rules of syntax which govern the reproduction of speech, they also generate the totality of speech-acts, being language (Giddens, cited in Craib 2011, p.29). Those that break the rules face consequences and this is the same as social life. We are governed by unconscious rules of social order to which we adhere to or face rejection. In conclusion, whilst there has been much debate over whether social structure or social interaction is more important in shaping individual identity, both are equally important. When looking at society as it is today, we cannot solely look to one theorist’s viewpoint to explain the complexity of identity. Each viewpoint unto itself cannot explain individual identity in its entirety. Whilst Cooley, Mead, and Goffman’s perspectives offer clear reasons for interaction being significant in forming identity particularly when looking at socialisation processes, we cannot dismiss the structural perspectives of  Durkheim and Parsons as central to the formation of identity. Giddens dichotomy seems to point us in the right direction. We must consider that human agency and social structure are in relationship to one another and as such are central to the formation of individual identity. Humans are not passively accepting of structure, or solitary beings, we all engage in social interaction with others which shifts and guides the structures in which we find ourselves and helps us to form our individual identities.

Measures by the Canadian Tourism Agencies to Curb Avian Flu

Question: Discuss about theMeasures by the Canadian Tourism Agencies to Curb Avian Flu. Answer: Position Statement There has been an unindustrialized concern about the possibility of an avian flu pandemic (AFP) and its impacts on the global financial systems, the global economy, and the human life. Such pandemics are common occurrences and they cannot be ignored due to their great impacts. Background of Content On 20th May 2010, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) reported that the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus had invented the Central Fraser Valley (Alhaji and Odetokun, 2011, p. 159). This had caused much impacts to the residents including deaths and the disease was spreading rapidly exposing the lives of people into risk. Statement of Need Following a previous outbreak in Toronto in the year 2000 which claimed the lives of hundreds of people, the government had to take immediate necessary measures in order to avoid the severe impacts. This necessitated the need for all the sectors of the economy including the tourism sector to join hands and come up with the proper means to combat the situation. The tourism industry was thus made aware and was keen to take responsibility of informing the foreign tourists and even the locals who use the tourism services in order to curb the rapid spread of the virus and achieve a successful outcome. This is because the immediate effects of the impacts would be felt both locally and internationally by the animal and human health. This paper features the tourism industrys policy to address the outbreak of the avian flu to prevent its adverse effects on the tourist sector among other sectors of the economy in Canada. Process Plan The avian flu as defined by Cheng 2011, is a disease which is caused by a virus with numerous types whereby some are more hazardous than others. Highly pathogenic avian flu causes serious diseases in domestic poultry with high mortality rate hence a threat to both human and poultry life. While the scientific study suggests that the entry and spread of the disease find its favorable environment in the domestic poultry, it has proved to be a major concern in the tourism sector since the disease affects human life as well. The disease presents a major concern since when given opportunity, it changes into a form which makes it become highly transmittable for humans and spreads out rapidly from one person to the other (Alhaji and Odetokun, 2011, p.160). Additionally, if not well addressed in good time the spread could mark the beginning of a world outbreak and controlling it may become almost impossible. This necessitated the minister for health in collaboration with tourism industry in C anada to come up with a policy to address the situation as it would cause major negative effects on the tourism sector (Cheng, et al.2011, p.186). According to the WHO, this is necessitated by the fact that the disease has great uncertainties about the virulence, timing, and the general scope of a future pandemic of the humans, assessing the number of people who might fall victims of the disease and the social impact the event might cause. In contradiction of this framework of a considerable uncertainty about the nature of the pandemic, this paper provides an introductory valuation of the risks and the potential impact it might have on the tourism sector. The Canadian minister for tourism focuses on marketing the tourism destination in order to generate export revenues to the economy. Tourism is one of the sectors that are considered to generate much of the government revenues due to the provision of new dollars to the Canadian economy since an item sold to an international tourist is considered as an export. The avian outbreak may pose the risk of losing many tourists in fear of contracting such a disease (Cheng, et al.2011, p.186). The foreign investors may also flee the country due to such an outbreak hence pose great losses of the foreign income in the economy of Canada. This necessitates the minister for trade and tourism to come up with measures to curb such a disease and avoid such scenarios. The outbreak leads to many impacts and the Canadian government adopted some measures to curb the flu and why it emerged as an issue posing global risks in the tourism sector. In 2010, Canada identified avian flu and its spread as an issue of concern in the tourism and indirectly decided to share this as a case of good practice with other NGOs globally via the World Tourism Organization. This issue was further reaffirmed in 2014 when the Global Risks 2014 report showed that an influenza outbreak was one of the major risks facing the global business in 2013 and 2014 hence causing an acute concern (Cheng, et al.2011, p.186). This included the drop in the tourism revenues by 300C$ on the basis of the fear of flying by the other foreigners. In order to focus on the event strategically, the tourism industry among other sectors of the economy estimates the potential impact of the outbreak so as to come up with the necessary measures. The government would thus involve all the sectors of the economy and the whole public in general by mobilizing them to take responsibility in the efforts to fight the disease. Proposed Process Communication by the tourism industry is one of the approaches used to manage the disease outbreak by providing the public with the relevant information and the tools needed to keep the spread at bay. The tourism agencies were on toes to provide the accurate and timely information to all the tourists in pursuit to minimize the unforeseen social and economic interference hence maximizing the effective response outcome. According to Collia et al.2011, p.9). While all the other factors remain constant, the difference between a worse and a best case global scenario may reduce to how well the organizations, individuals, and the government control the exposure to the risks of the people. According to the WHO, it is important that the government informs their nationals of the difficult situations and the potential dangers which they may encounter as they travel abroad (Collia et al, 2011, p.9). The information should be issued without discrimination or in an exaggerated manner by the touris m industry of Canada as the host country. The content of the travel advisories should be discussed early in advance with the authorities of Canada alongside the relevant professionals. The team should come up with appropriate recommendations which are proportionate to the passion of the current situation and limited to the geographical areas where this event is acute. The tourism administrators also urge the press to take charge in issuing clear, honest and balanced information regarding the situation at hand which would determine the flow of the tourists. The consumers of tourism services should also be issued with the reliable and accurate information through the press and electronic commerce communication. Another measure is a routine use of on-farm biosecurity measures which help prevent the introduction of the disease into the flock. The tourism agencies in collaboration with the ministry for livestock and poultry have implemented measures to control the contact between the poultry and world animals and birds to prevent the spread of the disease. This includes keeping the ducks and geese in distinct houses as the other poultry. The tourism agencies recommend that this biosecurity guidance is implemented before an outbreak to avoid the adverse impacts of the disease as the relevant authorities try to curb it once it happens (Cottrell, et al.2013, p.110). This calls for the importance of both commercial and non-commercial poultry owners to implement these measures into their farm so as to prevent the invention of the disease. This includes keeping the poultry indoors as the risk increases when birds which are outside come into contact with the wild birds and their droppings. The farmer s are also encouraged to ensure proper sanitation of the poultry stalls and avoid the slaughtering of the birds in places which have not been approved by the veteran officers. The government is also geared to compensating for the loss incurred by the farmers in order to support them as it plays a great role in promoting the efforts in controlling flu so as to prevent the farmers from killing and rejecting their flocks (Cottrell, et al.2013, p.110). However, the government should be cautious not to pay too much to the farmers as an enticement as this would make them to intentionally poison their flocks. The government has also launched plans to be warning the public well on time and educating them on the disease, transparent information sharing in order to detect the potential outbreak before it becomes widespread (Cottrell, et al.2013, p.110). This also involves tracking the potentially hazardous changes associated with the virus and requires intensive networking among all the stakeholders from the farms, public and animal health laboratories and the national government and other institutions. Influenza surveillance is another measure taken by the government to curb the situation which involves the collection, amplification, and circulation of data which enables the development of evidence-based interventions (Oner, et al.2006, p.2180). This is necessary so as to identify where, when, and they type of influenza viruses which are in circulation as well as the intensity and the impact it has on the population. It also helps to identify the high-risk population so as to take the necessary measures immediately. The tourism agencies will ensure that the epidemiological situation in the neighboring and the origin country of the visiting travelers is well scrutinized to get a clear direction of the necessary measures needed (Parry, 2013, p.346). The government has ensured the implementation of the surveillance equipment designed to detect the unexplained respiratory illnesses, which activates proper laboratory inquiries. The data obtained from the surveillance becomes the key dri ver of the pandemic response as it is used to assess the pandemic phase and to track the advancement through the phases (Wan, et al.2011, p.13435). This data collected on influenza-like illness and deaths is vital to assess the severity and extent of the epidemics. The access and availability of the timely data are vital especially during the outbreak periods as the information is spread to the public and the overseas countries are made aware so that those visiting the Canada are aware or their government restricts their travel to Canada hence minimizing the spread (Parry, 2013, p.346). The visitors who wish to tour the country during the outbreak are either vaccinated against the disease early in advance to keep them secure. Alternatively, the government will implement restrictions from visiting the high-risk areas and the prone areas or simply ban foreign tourists as the situation is being dealt with. This helps a great deal to ensure that a good relationship continues between Can ada and other countries because if a foreigner would contrast such a disease while on tour to the country, such would be regarded as a negligence by the government which would lead to ceasing from visiting Canada. The surveillance is also important to ensure that those living in risky areas are vaccinated and educated on how to deal with the situation before it worsens (Parry, 2013, p.346). The tourism agencies also enforced restriction for freedom of movement especially to the tourist areas that are prone to the outbreak. This was in collaboration with the health sector so as to ensure that the measures taken to curb the condition are apparent and clear and that the outcome can be well defensible hence ensuring consistency with the International Health Regulations. The protection of the travel health is also another measure which includes temperature screening on the passengers who arrive at the airport such that the passengers who are detected to have a fever or sick may be noted for further examination and those spotted with influenza may be taken to hospital for further management. The government has also organized seminars meant for the tour group coordinators in order to keep them informed on how to conduct the touring activities during the epidemic period (Hermalin Weisbach, 1991, p. 34). This also requires that the travel health website is kept up to date and the information on travel health advice in regard to the emerging threats of the avian influenza is made available in all the relevant places. Some pamphlets with information on health advice relating to the prevention of the disease are distributed to the airport, land border control points and seaports to make the passengers aware of the prevailing situation upon entry and before leaving the country (De Jong, et al.2005, p.688). The pamphlets are also distributed in various languages to the travelers moving to and from the risk areas and reminder letters also provided to them bearing health advice through the organizations working with migrant helpers (Parry, 2013, p.346).. The Mobile Information Service at the airports is also tasked with the duty to help in disseminating leaflets in the minority languages to the migrant workers and the newly arrived foreign domestic workers. The government also takes other measures which include banning of importation or export of poultry and eggs to other countries. Some public health measures were also added which included ordering treatments to all the arriving and departing travelers at the airports and seaports (Hermalin Weisbach, 1991, p.34). The powers were instituted to enable diverting of an aircraft to an alternate landing site when the need arises in order to come up with quarantine facilities at all the Canadian locations and also prohibit the entry of travelers and importation or exportation of goods to some countries to prevent possible introduction of the disease to the countries (Parry, 2013, p. 346). The nurses and physicians are allocated at various quarantine stations including the international airports in Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary which occupy the biggest percentage of the in and out of Canada air travels and are in operation for 24 hours a day. The quarantine officers also the responsibility of nursing the ill reporting persons who present at the international land borders and marine ports. In response to the outbreak of the disease, the tourism agencies in collaboration with the Health Portfolio Emergency Operations Centre (HPEOC) which is a coordination platform for emergency response in Toronto in order to support Canada's health program and facilitate the health of the tourists in the provincial, territorial and other areas (Hayden, et al.1999, p.1340). The tourism health officers and the HPEOC offer a 24-hour event management by utilizing the telecommunication network and particular software to synchronize distribution of the information across all the other partners involved in responding to outbreak response (Cottrell et al, 2013, P. 109). Generally, the avian flu can be a threat to the country it invents and interferes with the development and the economy of the country. Among other sectors of the economy, the tourism industry is highly affected by the outbreak of such a disease since this can mean evacuation from the tourist sites which are affected and their neighboring areas (Prinz et al 2011, p.712). Some potential tourists from abroad may hesitate to visit the country Canada in fear of getting infected with such a disease which is highly transmittable hence causing major losses of foreign currency. This has made the tourism agencies in Canada to join hands with other stakeholders to implement the measures to combat the situation after the outbreak which occurred in 2014. Some measures taken include implementing the farm biosecurity measures such as separating the ducks from other poultry and controlling the contact between them and wild birds (Lu, et al.2012, p.125). Others include instituting the surveillance w hich enables to assess the possibility of an outbreak and its possible magnitude so as to take the necessary measures prior to the outbreak (Swayne, 2012, p. 818). The agency has also come up with proper communication means which include the use of telecommunication to spread the information regarding the outbreak and the tourist places to be avoided. It also collaborates with the Canada Health Agencies (CHA) to ensure that the travelers moving in and out of the country are scrutinized thoroughly for any possible diseases and those noted to be ill are taken for further treatment to avoid the spread (Swayne, et al.2003, p.1048). The tourism agencies also work together with the air travel management to ensure that the foreign tourists are well directed in order to avoid visiting the high-risk areas (Svoboda, et al.2004, p.2355). This includes diverting of the aircraft landing in case of an outbreak. However, the agency recommends that in order to be effective, these measures need to b e implemented early in advance before an outbreak occurs so as to make the combating of the disease easier as it is always said that prevention is better than cure. References Alhaji, N.B. and Odetokun, I.A., 2011. Assessment of Biosecurity Measures Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Risks in Small?Scale Commercial Farms and Free?Range Poultry Flocks in the Northcentral Nigeria.Transboundary and emerging diseases,58(2), pp.157-161. Cheng, X.W., Lu, J., Wu, C.L., Yi, L.N., Xie, X., Shi, X.D., Fang, S.S., Zan, H., Kung, H.F. and He, M.L., 2011. Three fatal cases of pandemic 2009 influenza A virus infection in Shenzhen are associated with cytokine storm.Respiratory physiology neurobiology,175(1), pp.185-187. Collier, N., Son, N.T. and Nguyen, N.M., 2011. OMG U got flu? Analysis of shared health messages for bio-surveillance.Journal of biomedical semantics,2(5), p.S9. Cottrell, E.B., Chou, R., Wasson, N., Rahman, B. and Guise, J.M., 2013. Reducing risk for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.Annals of internal medicine,158(2), pp.109-113. De Jong, M.D., Cam, B.V., Qui, P.T., Hien, V.M., Thanh, T.T., Hue, N.B., Beld, M., Phuong, L.T., Khanh, T.H., Chau, N.V.V. and Hien, T.T., 2005. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma.New England Journal of Medicine,352(7), pp.686-691. Hayden, F.G., Atmar, R.L., Schilling, M., Johnson, C., Poretz, D., Paar, D., Huson, L., Ward, P., Mills, R.G. and Oseltamivir Study Group, 1999. Use of the selective oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent influenza.New England Journal of Medicine,341(18), pp.1336-1343. Lu, D.Y., Lu, T.R. and Wu, H.Y., 2012. Avian Flu; Pathogenesis and Therapy.Anti-Infective Agents,10(2), pp.124-129. Oner, A.F., Bay, A., Arslan, S., Akdeniz, H., Sahin, H.A., Cesur, Y., Epcacan, S., Yilmaz, N., Deger, I., Kizilyildiz, B. and Karsen, H., 2006. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in eastern Turkey in 2006.New England Journal of Medicine,355(21), pp.2179-2185. Parry, J., 2013. H7N9 avian flu infects humans for the first time.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),346. Prinz, F., Schlange, T. and Asadullah, K., 2011. Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?.Nature reviews Drug discovery,10(9), pp.712-712. Svoboda, T., Henry, B., Shulman, L., Kennedy, E., Rea, E., Ng, W., Wallington, T., Yaffe, B., Gournis, E., Vicencio, E. and Basrur, S., 2004. Public health measures to control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome during the outbreak in Toronto.New England Journal of Medicine,350(23), pp.2352-2361. Swayne, D.E., 2012. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian influenza.Avian diseases,56(4s1), pp.818-828. Swayne, D.E., Suarez, D.L., Schultz-Cherry, S., Tumpey, T.M., King, D.J., Nakaya, T., Palese, P. and Garcia-Sastre, A., 2003. Recombinant paramyxovirus type 1-avian influenza-H7 virus as a vaccine for protection of chickens against influenza and Newcastle disease.Avian diseases,47(s3), pp.1047-1050. Wan, X.F., Dong, L., Lan, Y., Long, L.P., Xu, C., Zou, S., Li, Z., Wen, L., Cai, Z., Wang, W. and Li, X., 2011. Indications that live poultry markets are a major source of human H5N1 influenza virus infection in China.Journal of virology,85(24), pp.13432-13438.

The Effect of Detente on the Cold War free essay sample

The end of WWII brought profound happiness to the hearts of the people whose lives were affected by the war. Hitler had committed suicide, and the cruel horrors of the Holocaust were finally over. Though Europe was tired of fighting, a new conflict soon spread farther from Europe, to affect the whole world. The Soviet Union and the United States went head to head, in a silent struggle over political difference, mainly the spread of communism. From 1945 till the collapse of the U. S. S. R. , the United States and Europe sought various methods to stop the spread of Soviet Communism. From containment to brinkmanship, to the Truman Doctrine and NATO, Detente had the overall best effect to stop the Cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Detente on the Cold War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Starting after the Vietnam War, Detente changed relationships in Europe, calmed down the Cold War, and helped bring back real peace to the world. Although Detente crumbled, it helped bring an end to the Cold War. Soon after the United States interfered with the spread of communism in Vietnam, the country faced many internal conflicts that eventually led them to seek out Detente. Detente first appeared as an idea by President Richard Nixon, which would help calm the Cold War. Dealing with other nations in a flexible manner was a concept of Detente, and was used in Europe, by the West German Chancellor, Willy Brandt. Brandt visited Poland’s Warsaw Ghetto and asked for forgiveness of what Germany had done under Hitler’s control during WWII. This act of peace ultimately changed the hearts of the European countries and the United States. After this act, West Germany signed treaties with the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia that affirmed state boundaries in return for the use of no force. Both of these acts turned the tides of the Cold War. The countries of Europe finally realized that there was no use participating in a war that never even started. Another major key concept of Detente was to calm things down, not only with the Soviet Union, but with other nations as well. President Nixon put this into practice by becoming the first U. S. president to visit Communist China. Nixon also paid many visits to the Soviet Union and came up with the SALT 1 treaty, which limited the number of missiles and arms a country could have. These visits calmed down tensions and made people believe that the Cold War would soon come to an end. Although Cold War tensions were finally calmed down, problems aroused that threatened peace. In June 1972, spies broke into the Democratic Party headquarters under President Nixon’s command, trying to retrieve government documents. Nixon was caught, and forced to resign. After this incident, Congress did not authorize U. S. help in Vietnam, after North Vietnam launched an attack on South Vietnam. North Vietnam successfully took over the south and united them under a communist dictatorship. These events turned the tides of Detente, and ultimately led to its crumble. The United States was dealing with their own crisis, and the last thing they wanted to deal with was foreign affairs. Although Detente was over, it went on to greatly effect how countries would deal with the Cold War. Although Detente ended before seeing any real progress, it ultimately succeeded in the long run. Detente was different from other methods because it did not ignore problems or simply let them happen. Under Detente, countries made treaties and conferences that ultimately put a face to the Cold War. By using Detente, tensions between communist and noncommunist countries calmed down and in the future disappeared along with the Soviet Union. The Cold War, although silent, had a great affect on countries after the Second World War. The United States and many other countries tired various methods to try to stop the spread of Communism. Out of all those methods, Detente ultimately had the greatest effect on stopping Cold War conflicts. Although detente crumbled, it influenced how communist countries treated other noncommunist countries. By changing relationships between countries, calming Cold War tensions, detente helped bring the Cold War to an end. This policy not only wanted to calm down tensions, and end the Cold War, but it sought out something that Europe and the whole world needed the most, real lasting peace.

Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials

People ask themselves, why 1692? What started the Salem Witch Trials? Why were the people accused of witchcraft? There are some answers to those questions, but not accurate as to give a full description, and correct facts about the trials. Each person has a different perspective towards those answers, but none have the proof for their answers. They are all commentaries that people get from their knowledge about history. The Salem Witchcraft trials were trials that resulted from the largest witch hunt in America history. The trials were held in 1692 in Salem, a town in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Nineteen people, both men and women, were convicted and hanged as witches. Another man was pressed to death with large stones for refusing to enter a plea of innocent or guilty to the witchcraft charge. Another 150 other resulted in the last witchcraft executions in America. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English colony, and many people there had brought the belief in witchcraft from England. Under English law, witchcraft was punishable by death. Sixteen people had been hanged as witches in New England before 1692. Throughout history millions of people, eighty-percent of which were women, have been accused, arrested, tortured, put to trial and persecuted as witches. In 1692, a tragedy occurred in America, the Salem Witch Trials. People would think that by the time the United States was colonized these injustices on humanity would have come to an end, but that was not so. Numerous witchcraft accusations had occurred in New England prior to 1692. As Indians attacked along the frontier and in the colonial landscape, most colonist feared for their own lives. In addition to the deadly cold winters, a smallpox epidemic had been around for over a decade. The superstitions of the people led them to believe that their God had abandoned them. In 1684, Great Britain withdrew its charter of Massachusetts, merchants sp... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials all began on January 20,1962, with nine year old Elizabeth â€Å"Betty† Parris and eleven year old Abigail Williams, daughter and niece of the village reverend Samuel Parris. Soon the girls began exhibiting strange behavior, such as blasphemous screaming, convulsive seizures, trance like states and acting as if to cast mysterious spells. Within a short period, several other Salem girls began to illustrate similar behavior; physicians felt that the girls were under the control of the devil, Satan. Reverend Parris conducted prayer services and public fasting in hopes of revealing the evil forces that tormented them. In an effort to expose the ‘enchantress’, one man baked a witch cake made with rye bran and the urine of the ill girls. This counter-magic was meant to reveal the identities of the ‘witched’ to the ailing girls. Pressured to identify the cause of their misfortune, the girls named three women, including Tituba and two other slaves of Rev. Parris, as witches. On February 29, warrants were dispatched for the arrests of Tituba, Sarah Osborne, and Sarah Good. Although Good and Osborne sustained guiltlessness, Tituba confessed to seeing Lucifer, who appeared to her â€Å"sometimes like a hog and sometimes like a great dog.† Furthermore, Tituba certified that there was a collaboration of witches at work in Salem. On March 1, Magistrates John Hathorne and Jonathon Corwin investigated the three women in the courthouse in Salem Village. Tituba confessed to pursuing black magic. Over the next few weeks, other villagers came forward and testified that they too had been traumatized by or had seen strange phantoms of some of the village members. As the witch hunting prolonged, charges were made toward many different people. Frequently unmasked were women whose behavior was somehow disturbing to the social order and formalities of the time. Some of the accused had reco... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials Salem Witch Trials What was the cause of the Salem Witch Trials? In the 300 hundred years since the Witch Trials in Salem, there has been much speculation concerning whether those accused of witchcraft in 1692, were in fact witches or merely the object of the hysteria that raged through New England at the time. So how did it begin and why were these innocent girls accused of witchcraft? The Salem Witch Trials hysteria occurred in Salem, Massachusetts between 1692 and 1693. A total of 141 people were arrested, 19 people were hanged and one was crushed to death (SWT internet 3). It all started off when Rev. Samuel Parris before coming a minister, worked as a merchant in Barbados. In his return to Massachusetts he brought back two slaves. One of the slaves, Tituba, his nine-year-old daughter Elizabeth called Betty and his eleven-year-old niece Abigail. Tituba passed on stories to the other girls about voodoo. They soon became very interested in it and began playing with it all the time. One time when the other girls in the village knew about it, they all got into it and they all started telling each other's fortune. They did this by floating an egg white in a glass on water and predicted their future husbands. Betty started to feel ill and not long after the other girls in the village started to feel the same way and started to see things that weren't there. " Its hard to say whether the girls believed they were possessed or whether the whole thing started as an act which got out of control." (Drake 56) People in the village believed witches gained their power from the devil. It was decided to find the witches responsible for all the hysteria going around with the girls seeing things and hallucinating and kill them. All the girls accused Tituba for all the problems going around that the village thought was witchcraft since she was the one who brought it over. The first to be accused were Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne. Titub... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials People ask themselves, why 1692? What started the Salem Witch Trials? Why were the people accused of witchcraft? There are some answers to those questions, but not accurate as to give a full description, and correct facts about the trials. Each person has a different perspective towards those answers, but none have the proof for their answers. They are all commentaries that people get from their knowledge about history. The Salem Witchcraft trials were trials that resulted from the largest witch hunt in America history. The trials were held in 1692 in Salem, a town in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Nineteen people, both men and women, were convicted and hanged as witches. Another man was pressed to death with large stones for refusing to enter a plea of innocent or guilty to the witchcraft charge. Another 150 other resulted in the last witchcraft executions in America. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English colony, and many people there had brought the belief in witchcraft from England. Under English law, witchcraft was punishable by death. Sixteen people had been hanged as witches in New England before 1692. Throughout history millions of people, eighty-percent of which were women, have been accused, arrested, tortured, put to trial and persecuted as witches. In 1692, a tragedy occurred in America, the Salem Witch Trials. People would think that by the time the United States was colonized these injustices on humanity would have come to an end, but that was not so. Numerous witchcraft accusations had occurred in New England prior to 1692. As Indians attacked along the frontier and in the colonial landscape, most colonist feared for their own lives. In addition to the deadly cold winters, a smallpox epidemic had been around for over a decade. The superstitions of the people led them to believe that their God had abandoned them. In 1684, Great Britain withdrew its charter of Massachusetts, merchants sp... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials What caused the Salem witch trials? This is a question that has been asked for the last three hundred years. There is no easy answer to that question. There were numerous factors and events that lead to the trials. â€Å"A recent small pox outbreak, the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter by Charles II and the constant fear of Indian attacks helped in creating anxiety among the Puritans and a fear that God was punishing them. This fear of punishment established a fertile atmosphere in which a case of witchcraft could easily be interpreted by the Puritans as the cause of Gods wrath† (Victims) Other factors were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imagination and fears of the people. These factors brought about a climate of repression, religious intolerance, social hierarchy combined with fanaticism and oppression of women. The Puritan leaders used the trials as a way to control the community and prevent change in the strict social hierarchy. Ac cording to Woloch â€Å"historian Carol F. Karlson points out most New Englanders accused of witchcraft were middle aged or older women, who lacking brothers or sons stood to inherit. Such women impeded â€Å"the orderly transition of property from one generation to another†.† (Woloch, 30) Lets start with the political problems of Salem. The tension over land was growing fast. The residents were divided into two groups: those that wanted to separate from Salem town, and those that did not. The farming families in the Western part of Salem Village wanted to separate from Salem Town. The families located in the eastern part of Salem Village and therefore closest to Salem Town wanted to remain part of the town. (Sutter) There was much overcrowding in in New England communities. In 1632, the general court granted Governor Endicott three hundred acres of land. With subsequent land grants to others, the boundaries and borders that told the people wh... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials The seventeenth century Salem witch trials brought panic and hysteria throughout the people of Salem. Whether or not the lives of apparently innocent men and women were taken illegally with insufficient evidence is still a subject of continuing debate. There are numerous factors and events that helped create and influence the trials. The main factors that started and fueled the trials were politics, religion, family feuds, economics, and the imaginations and fears of the people. Puritans believed in witches and their ability to harm others. They defined witchcraft as entering into a compact with the devil in exchange for certain powers to do evil. Thus, according to www.law.umkc.edu, â€Å"...witchcraft was considered a sin because it denied God’s superiority, and a crime because the witch could call up the Devil in his/her shape to perform cruel acts against others. In 1692, nineteen villagers were put to death in Salem, Massachusetts. Alice Dickenson, author of The Salem Witchcraft Delusion, states, â€Å"Reasons for conviction were the torment of teenage girls by supernatural means: witchcraft†(Dickenson 68). According to Shirley Jackson, author of The Witchcraft of Salem Village,â€Å"...these teens experienced pricking and pinching sensations, and some were contorted into strange bodily positions†(Jackson 44). The witchcraft outbreak originated in Salem Village with Betty Paris being the first afflicted girl. A woman by the name of Tituba was the first to be accused and the Heinzmann 4 first to confess of wrongdoing. The Salem Witchcraft Papers state, Tituba was asked to bake a witch cake in order to help the girls name their tormentors. A witch cake is composed of rye meal mixed with urine from the afflicted. It is then fed to a dog. The person(s) is/are considered bewitched if the dog displays similar symptoms as the afflicted. The girls were at first hesitant to speak, but Betty eventually spoke and named ... Free Essays on Salem Witch Trials 1629: Salem is settled. 1641: English law makes witchcraft a capital crime. 1684: England declares that the colonies may not self-govern. 1688: Following an argument with laundress Goody Glover, Martha Goodwin, 13, begins exhibiting bizarre behavior. Days later her younger brother and two sisters exhibit similar behavior. Glover is arrested and tried for bewitching the Goodwin children. Reverend Cotton Mather meets twice with Glover following her arrest in an attempt to persuade her to repent her witchcraft. Glover is hanged. Mather takes Martha Goodwin into his house. Her bizarre behavior continues and worsens. 1688: Mather publishes Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions November, 1689: Samuel Parris is named the new minister of Salem. Parris moves to Salem from Boston, where Memorable Providence was published. October 16, 1691: Villagers vow to drive Parris out of Salem and stop contributing to his salary. January 20, 1692: Eleven-year old Abigail Williams and nine-year-old Elizabeth Parris begin behaving much as the Goodwin children acted four years earlier. Soon Ann Putnam Jr. and other Salem girls begin acting similarly. Mid-February, 1692: Doctor Griggs, who attends to the "afflicted" girls, suggests that witchcraft may be the cause of their strange behavior. February 25, 1692: Tituba, at the request of neighbor Mary Sibley, bakes a "witch cake" and feeds it to a dog. According to an English folk remedy, feeding a dog this kind of cake, which contained the urine of the afflicted, would counteract the spell put on Elizabeth and Abigail. The reason the cake is fed to a dog is because the dog is believed a "familiar" of the Devil. Late-February, 1692: Pressured by ministers and townspeople to say who caused her odd behavior, Elizabeth identifies Tituba. The girls later accuse Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne of witchcraft. February 29, 1692: Arrest warrants are issued f...

EUROPEAN FINANCIAL CRISIS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Essay

EUROPEAN FINANCIAL CRISIS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS - Essay Example Acharya (2013) observes that a combination of factors led to the emergence of the European Union Financial Crises of 2010-2013. These factors include availability of easy credit conditions which occurred during the periods 2002-2008, and they led to high risk borrowing and lending practices. Patomaki (2013) believes that other factors include globalization of finance, imbalances in international trade, poor governmental fiscal policies, the economic recession of 2008-2012, and ineffective methods used by these nations to bail out troubled financial institutions. Acharya (2013) observes that the European financial crises had began unfolding late in 2009, when the government of Greece gave a revelation that previous governments did not give accurate reports of their budget deficits. In fact, they were under-reporting the financial position of the country. The revelation of this under-reporting occurred during the first quarter of the year 2010. During this year, the government of Greece gave a revelation that the 2009 budget deficit was 12.7%, and not 5%, as reported by the previous government (Patomäki, 2013). Roth (2013) denote that the Maastricht treaty made a provision which required parties to the treaty to maintain a budget deficit which is lower than 3% of the country’s GDP. Greece had a debt of around 400 billion pounds, and the French government owned 10% of this debt (Roth, 2013). This debt crisis spread to other smaller countries such as Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. Tyrie and London (2012) denotes that this crisis led to economic imbalances within Euro zone countries. In 2010, the European Union bailed out Greece by giving them a loan of 110 billion Euros, and another 130 billion Euros after two years (Tyrie and London, 2012). This paper analyzes the impact of the Euro zone debt crises on the financial markets. This paper analyzes the impact of this crisis on the equity market, and the bond market. This paper seeks to answer the question; What was the impact of the European Financial Crises on the bond and the equity market? In seeking an answer to this question, this paper borrows heavily from the elements of the portfolio theory and the asset pricing. Matousek (2012) observes that the portfolio theory is a theory of finance that aims at maximizing the expected return of a particular portfolio risk, or effectively minimizing the risks associated with a particular portfolio. It aims to achieve this objective by careful consideration of various investments options or portfolios. The portfolio theory is an aspect of diversification in investments, and it aims at selecting a variety of investments options which presents a lower risk, as opposed to other investments options (Matousek, 2012). This theory was developed on the basis that different investments assets, normally constantly change in value. Diversification therefore lowers the risk an investor might face. The asset pricing theory on the other hand concerns itself with explaining the relationship between expected returns, and the risk undertaken (Marco, 2013). It was developed on the premise that diversification alone cannot reduce the risks associated with investing in a volatile stock market. Marco (2013) further denotes that an investor has to be compensated in two ways, namely; the risk undertaken, and the value of his money, which is also considered in terms of time. This theory identifies a formula to use in calculating the expected returns of an investment (Marco, 2013). Equity Markets and the Euro zone Financial Crises: Farlow (2013) denotes that another term used to refer to the equity market is the stock market. This refers to a market where there is an issue of shares, and subsequent trading of those shares. These shares can ei ther be traded over the counter, or through various exchanges. Equity markets are a very volatile segment of an economy, and companies can use this type of a market to raise capital for their expansion and growth. The European Financ

Week 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 9 - Essay Example One should consider the project objectives, timeline, and cost. (Lewis, 36) Prince is an approach which was released in 1996 as a generic project management. it focuses on the delivery of products to be specific their quality requirements. It helps define a successful project as being output oriented through creating an agreed set of products that define the scope of the project and provides the basis of planning and control. Prince2 provides a common language for all participating in a project. Critical chain project management is a method of planning and managing project execution designed to deal with uncertainties in managing projects while considering limited availability of resources. It is an application of the theory of constraints to projects. Event chain methodology is another method which compliments critical path method and critical chain project management methodologies. Event chain methodology is a network analysis technique that is focused on identifying and managing events and event chains that affect project schedules. (Denis, 89) Project control is the incorporation of process-based management. It is driven by the use of maturity models such as the capability maturity model integration. Agile project management is another approach based on the principles of human interaction management. Lean project management is another approach that uses the principles from lean manufacturing to focus on delivering value with less waste and reduced time. Due to unnecessary costs and low maneuverability in many cases the extreme project management, which may be used in combination with process modeling (Dennis

Implied trust - land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implied trust - land law - Essay Example Section 53(1) (b) of the Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA)1, mandates that parties in these family unions must have their intentions expressed legally. Contrary, most cohabiting couples rarely do have their intentions expressed legally in regards to their family home. It furthers the problem that arises in the division of the property during break ups. This situation has, therefore, made the honourable courts rely on other legal frameworks that might be relevant to the issue. Law of equity and trusts have, therefore, been embraced by the courts as the sober and efficient frameworks to help in solving such issues. Notably the courts under section 53(2) of the Law of Property Act, do bestow upon themselves the discretionary powers whilst handling such cases. The law on trusts provides an extensive and reliable legal framework with which the honourable courts can use to divide the marital property. This is usually much easier in civil partnerships that whereby the necessary legal intentions have been laid down vividly. Complexion of issues usually arise whereby the cohabitee decides to make a claim in the beneficial interest in the case of a sudden separation of the couples. Courts are expected to strictly follow the existing laws to the latter and not to allow the intrusion of other unnecessary and devoid external factors. The law is subject to the upholding of the legal frameworks. If this is not adhered to, the outcomes of the cases may occasion a complete error in the law. As embraced, outcomes of cases are expected to be in line with earlier judicial precedents to create certainty and soberness in the application of these laws. Application of such external factors e.g. emotions may lead totally to different and unreliable outcomes. The courts first instance is usually to establish whether there was an existing express agreement between the parties as to the beneficial interests in their joint property. Notably, if such an express agreement

Distribution Channel Efficiency in the Hospitality Industry

Distribution Channel Efficiency in the Hospitality Industry Advances in technology combined with its more effective use are generally assumed to be a good trend for the global expansion of trade and commerce. Technological advances are commonly believed to quicken the globalization process with improved economic growth and business profitability is consequently assumed to be the beneficial results. Globalization and the use of improved technology increase the potential for increasing efficiency as the electronic and digital transfer of information and financial transactions means that customers can be gained on a global, regional, or national level. Like most other industries or economic sectors, the hospitality and tourism industries have been affected by the use of and improvements in technology in recent years. Hospitality as will be argued, is an industry like any other that can potentially increase its distribution channel efficiency through more widespread or more effective use of technology. Traditionally the use of technology was conf ined to improvements in the mode of transport available to travellers. Hotels and places of hospitality have been strategically placed for the benefit of travellers. For instance the development of trains, cars, ships, and planes all helped to expand the tourism and hospitality industries as people found it easier, quicker, and more cost-effective to travel further distances. However, it is the use of technology such as television advertising, personal and business computers, and the Internet that arguably has the potential to increase the distribution channel efficiency in hospitality. For the purpose of this essay it would be sensible to remember that the hospitality industry deals with two main types of customer, tourists or holiday -makers alongside business travellers. Whatever motivates people to travel is not as important as the factors that makes pick a place to stay and possibly tempts them to stay there again and again. As will be discussed the use of technology is not the sole factor in distribution channel efficiency in the hospitality industry, yet it can be the decisive factor. To begin with the hospitality industry has always been reliant upon the transport infrastructure available at any given time, the less developed that infrastructure the less likely people are willing to travel great distances or so often. Prior to the onset of improvements in transport and communications technology during the 19th century there were little pressures for the hospitality industry to have Distribution Channel Efficiency. Poor roads and sail powered ships meant that most travellers only went short distances. Only the very wealthy could afford the time and the expense of travelling widely. Luxury hotels existed in small numbers to cater for their needs. More generally hospitality was confined to small hotels and inns, often located on main roads. Without the development of the railways, steam powered ships, and later the car, the modern hospitality industry would not have evolved. The railways made short breaks and day trips affordable for the masses, whilst steam ships r educed the sea voyages from weeks to days (Cooper, Fletcher et al, 1998 p. 395). Transport costs are still a vital consideration for the hospitality industry to consider. For instance the greater availability of charter flights made package holidays more affordable from the 1960s (Vellas Becherel, 1995, p.79). For instance, for a time after the 9/11 attacks higher insurance costs as well as safety concerns reduced the number of travellers (Higley, 2004). The expansion of newspaper sales combined with the invention of the telegram and the telephone made international and national communications quicker and more effective. Such developments meant that hospitality was able to develop marketing and advertising strategies on a national and sometimes an international basis. The need for Distribution Channel Efficiency in hospitality developed in conjunction with the expanded opportunities that resulted from improving technology (Cooper et al, 1998, p.424). Income levels also have an impa ct upon the hospitality industry; people who cannot afford to travel will not be effected by Distribution Channel Efficiency (Vellas Becherel, 1995, p.91). The appropriate use of modern information technology equipment can certainly help improve Distribution Channel Efficiency in hospitality although it does not guarantee commercial success. Individual travellers and hotels can use computers systems and databases to make travel and accommodation arrangements with increasing ease (Outhart, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 16). The use of automated booking and payment arrangements means that customers no longer have to make travel and accommodation arrangements in person or via correspondence. As long as hotels are linked to national and international databases and network bookings can be made at any travel agency, booking office and even online. The automation of the payment process began once the use of credit cards became more widespread, especially in North America, Japan and Western Europe. Credit cards, debit cards, and the use of automated credit transfers allowed transactions to take place anywhere in the world at any time of day. Travel age ncies, transport companies, and hotels have developed booking systems that allow tourists and business travellers to arrange their travel and accommodation more effectively (Killingworth-Baird and Carter, 1996 p. 12). The expansion of automated payment systems has had the greatest impact on hotel reservations, with hotels and booking agencies using computer databases to know the level of vacancies and reservations at every hotel within a local area network or now across the globe. As with other areas of commerce the efficiency and speed of those systems has improved markedly with adaptation of Internet technology (www.gcis.ca). It was developments in the United States that led to the modernisation and expansion of hospitality industry through the invention of computer reservation systems. The computer reservation systems are usually referred to as global distribution system or GDS. The most widely used GDS systems are Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus, and Worldspan. Once compatibility problems were resolved these systems have proved invaluable for the global hospitality industry. For travellers the main benefit of GDS is that it gives them the ability to make their arrangements in advance, provides a good level of customer service and it means that holidays or business trips are efficiently planned. For the parts of the hospitality industry that have fully automated bookings and payment procedures the ability to make bookings in advance is a great help for the achievement of Distribution Channel Efficiency. The companies that pioneered GDS such as Thomson used it to expand rapidly (Outhart, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 16) . The taking of advanced bookings means that hotels can budget for a known amount of income coming in at any given time and set staffing levels accordingly. Hotels have more time to attract more visitors if they know that the hotel will have a higher number of vacancies and therefore offer discounted stays at short notice to hire out as many rooms as possible. Logically the more accurate information that hotels have about the number of bookings already made and the amount of bookings still available then they can make suitable arrangements for extra marketing, discounted room hire and the holding of special events. The development of GDS when combined with the increase in charter flights and package holidays meant the rapid growth of the hospitality industry on a greater scale and fashionable new destinations such as Benidorm in Spain (Outhart, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 149). The hospitality industry had already began to make use of improved Distribution Channel Efficiency before the internet became widely available and dramatically altered the prospects for commerce and marketing. For the hospitality industry the use of the internet has made it possible for hotels to advertise their vacancies and their locations on a global basis. Individual hotels and international hotel chains were quick to realise how the internet could increase the chances of improving Distribution Channel Efficiency through the effective use of technology. The internet allows the opportunity for hotels to advertise and make bookings online, as well as gaining bookings through travel agents as well as being in brochures and tourist information offices. Many customers now prefer to make their own travel and accommodation arrangements online so the hotels have their own websites or can be booked through other websites have a stronger opportunity to increase their sales compared to thos e hotels that cannot be booked online. The internet provides the chance to book hotel rooms as customers can view what the hotel is like without going there in person. Customers can learn about a hotels precise location, transport links to the hotel, and the closeness of tourist attractions or important business sites that could be nearby (www.gcis.ca). The internet is also a great media for showing other features of the hospitality and leisure facilities available at hotels. For instance, hotels no longer just provide somewhere to sleep and eat. Facilities, which can be attractive to customers, include gyms, swimming pools, bars, and restaurants. Customers’ expectations of what hotels should provide them with have also altered due to changes in technology. Whereas travellers would have once been happy with a bed, tea- making facilities with en-suite bathroom, now they would like televisions, mini bars and phone sockets so they can access the internet via their laptops (Outha rt, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 17). For larger hotels and hotel chains the hospitality they provide has certainly changed for the reasons mentioned above. Hotels are no longer about having a bed for the night; they are about having an enjoyable experience, which means the customer will wish to use the hotel company again. It could be argued that providing such services and facilities make the hospitality industry more expensive to run, yet such expenditure could be justified if hotels are able to increase the number of happy guests and keep the loyalty of their customers. The Distribution Channel Efficiency of technology will, if used effectively, prove more profitable to the companies that are prepared to implement changes as soon as they become possible. Keeping pace with technological changes allows hotels and other hospitality providers to improve and maintain their standards of customer service. Hotels are not able to provide their guests and customers with a higher level of service when it comes to providing info rmation about travel and the leisure activities available at the hotel itself or within the surrounding areas of it. It is possible if the hotel or hospitality provider is linked with travel and leisure companies that customers can arrange to pay for all other services not provided by the hotel when they make their hotel bookings. Smaller hotels and hospitality providers might not be able to match all the services provided by a larger or chain of hotels, yet they can still provide their customers with a higher level service than they did before the internet became widely available (Higley, 2004). Improvements in technology do not automatically equate to a better Distribution Channel Efficiency for hotels and other hospitality providers. There are certainly actual and potential drawbacks to the greater use of technology within the hospitality industry. Staff and managers have to have enough training to use new technology properly, whilst not all customers may be able to use new technology and will need to make their hospitality arrangements by more traditional means such as going to a travel agent, booking by telephone, or even by letter. For smaller companies and hospitality providers it might not be cost effective to use every piece of new technology as their income and resources would not be increased by as much as the cost of upgrading their equipment. Smaller hospitality providers have tended to avoid such drawbacks by forming links with the larger companies such as Thomson. The use of GDS suits small operators as the larger companies fill up their rooms, whilst the arran gements suit the large companies as it increases the number of bookings from customers that they can meet (Outhart, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 16). For smaller hospitality providers there is another potential drawback that new technology becomes obsolete too frequently. Once again strong links with the larger tour operators can mean that even with older technology that the smaller hospitality providers can still stay connected to global databases or booking systems such as GDS. It also means that the efficiency of the payments they send and receive is increased (www.gcis.ca). Another drawback that could provide problems for the hospitality industry when it is seeking Distribution Channel Efficiency is that when tour operators and smaller hospitality providers are so busy meeting current demands that they do not plan adequately for the expansion or contraction of tourist destinations. When growth levels in certain resorts are very strong hospitality providers have found it difficult to match demand with actual capacity. Tourism booms that in some holiday resorts may seem destined to last for a long period yet such resorts are prey to the changing tastes or budgets of tourists. Unplanned or too rapid an expansion of holiday resorts could lead to the areas becoming spoilt and burdened with declining popularity and profits. Experience has shown that the decline of popularity in some holiday resorts can be as rapid as previously high levels of tourists staying. Perhaps the classic example of a tourist resort expanding rapidly and suddenly declining in populari ty is Benidorm. For the best part of two decades the demand for bookings was barely met as new hotel construction only just stayed ahead of demand. Rapid expansion had spoilt the original character and attractiveness of the area for tourists and the level of hospitality provided varied greatly across the resort. The popularity of Benidorm fell sharply at the end of the 1980s with bookings down by a third. Expansion is never infinite and the consistent adoption of technology to Distribution Channel Efficiency cannot make people go to certain destinations (Outhart, Taylor et al, 2000 p. 149). The popularity of hospitality providers and holiday resorts can be affected by factors outside of their control such as poor weather, changes in tastes and income, or especially relevant after the 9/11 attacks on the United States by security concerns. Regional conflicts can have detrimental affects on tourism and hospitality as people are unwilling to travel near war zones (Outhart, Taylor et al , 2000 p. 196). American hotels frequently responded to the downturn in business after 9/11 by shelving or reducing company training programmes which arguably affected efficiency and certainly lowered customer services standards. To some extent the availability of online training has addressed some of those training needs (Higley, 2004). To some extent the Internet provides an alternative way of making hotel and travel arrangements. People that use the Internet are in a position to make their own plans, as they are able to bypass travel agents and make bookings directly from travel and hospitality providers themselves. People that want to arrange things independently of other people are using the technology developed by the hospitality providers to do so. The main alternative to the evolving electronic booking and payments systems would be to use older less efficient offline versions although they would still work they would not be as fast or as accurate (www.gcis.ca). Therefore the use of technology can greatly assist the Distribution Channel Efficiency of the hospitality industry. However technology alone does not make or break hospitality operators. A combination of information technology, plus advances in transport, changes in consumer tastes, and effective marketing can make all the difference between success and failure. Technological advances since the 1960s have radically altered the ways in which hospitality is provided, booked, and paid for. The expansion of charter flights and the development of GDS allowed large international travel and hospitality companies like Thomson to flourish and to form links with hotels, airlines, and other transport providers to offer complete travel packages that could be booked and paid for at the same time. Perhaps the most single important technological advance that affects Distribution Channel Efficiency in the hospitality industry is the Internet. On the Internet customers can make their own travel and a ccommodation arrangements by assessing operators deals and taking advantage of the payment and GDS that are part of websites and hospitality networks. Bibliography Cooper C, Fletcher J, Gilbert D, Wanhill S, (1998) Tourism – Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, Longman, London and New York Higley J, Hoteliers need to rediscover training benefits, Hotel Motel Management Sep. 6 2004 Outhart T, Taylor L, Barker R, Marvell A, (2000) Advanced Vocational Travel and Tourism, Collins, London The General Center for Internet Services Inc, The Internet has greatly helped to increase the efficiency of transactions, July 15, 2002 from www.gcis.ca Vellas F Becherel L, (1995) International Tourism – An Economic Perspective, MacMillan Business, Basingstoke

Humorous Wedding Speech †Best Man :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech – Best Man Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen - I would like to start by thanking Steve for saying such nice things about me during his speech, though I must admit, I did deserve them. I mean, where would a bridegroom be without his best man? The friend at hand when he couldn’t find the rings. The reassuring voice in his ear when it looked like it might rain. And the chaperone who persuaded him to leave the strip club last night. Actually, I believe it was this morning! I think we all agree that Linda looks fantastic today, a number one hit if ever there was one. And Steve’s looking a bit like a chart-topper himself in that suit – although I’m not sure from which year. As for the bridesmaids, they look wonderful, and have performed their duties splendidly. It can't have been easy dragging Linda to the church – it certainly wasn't easy dragging Steve. We have now reached that pivotal moment in the speech where I am meant – in good taste – to put the groom down. However, when the subject of my speech cropped up during the meal, and my obligation to discuss Steve, Linda made me promise that I restrict myself to speaking only of the good things about her husband. Because a one-minute speech would seem ridiculous, I’ve decided to change course completely. And tell you about how we came to be sitting here today. Steve and Linda met five years ago in a very, very romantic location - the Hippodrome nightclub in Exeter. This place was renowned for being the hangout of drunken wide boys and white stiletto girls, so it was pure coincidence that they met on that fateful night. Steve had nearly given up hope of ever pulling a girl when he caught a glimpse of Linda across a crowded dance floor. I can see now, lying there. She smiled and shouted hello but the music swallowed her voice before it could reach him. He untucked his jeans from his florescent socks and casually strolled over to her as she slid through the crowd to meet him. With their arms wrapped tightly around each other, the two danced into the night, igniting a passion that threatened to engulf them both. When the music stopped, the legendary silver tongue – legendary in the sense that it only exists in Steve’s imagination – took over: ‘Are you lost, love?

Love Is a Fallacy

Is Max Schulman's novel, Love is a Fallacy, anti-women or anti men? Although the answer to this question is very argumentative, many people would read this essay and immediately agree that this essay was written in an anti-woman perspective. However, there are those who would view this essay in the anti-men perspective as well. Moreover, neither view is 100% accurate. The story does, in fact, have a number of anti-women elements; however, there are also anti-men characteristics that are included. This being said, equally strong arguments can be made for both sides. The view of this specific essay all depends on the reader. Therefore, this story is not only anti-women, but it is also anti-men. There are definitely elements of this essay that support the anti-women argument. For example, the narrator makes the character Polly out to be quite unintelligent and of a â€Å"ditzy† nature. Therefore, the narrator seems to think of Polly only in the way of being a woman of beauty. He did not want to date her for any other reason at all. This is noticed when he says â€Å"I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason. I was a freshman in law school. In a few years, I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly†. This statement said by the narrator makes it clear that he views Polly only as a beautiful symbol and nothing more. Viewing Polly in this way the narrator is nothing short of being ant-women. Nevertheless, this story also has its anti-men elements. This essay revolves around a man who believes none can ever measure up to his greatness. The narrator classifies himself as â€Å"better than the rest†. To illustrate, the narrator does not believe that a woman as beautiful as Polly would go for a man with low intelligence such as Petey. The narrator believes, because Petey is not a law-student or as intelligent as himself, Petey is of a lower standard. The narrator believes he is superior to Petey. The narrator is represented as what has become something of a stereotypical, condescending man. The way the narrator looks down on Petey definitely falls into the anti-men argument. As it is now clear, this essay has both anti-women and anti-men elements. This essay was written purposely to be an argumentative essay; therefore, there is no right or wrong argument. Love is a Fallacy is a very controversial story, meaning that the view of this essay, whether it is anti-men or anti-women, all depends on the reader. As many readers would argue about whether this essay is anti-women or anti-men, unfortunately, this question can never be accurately answered. The argument about which side the story is based on could go on forever. The conclusion I have drawn about whether Schulman's essay is anti-women or anti-men is that its subject matter contains both anti-women and anti-men elements. Therefore, this essay is just as much anti-men as it is anti-women. Love Is a Fallacy Is Max Schulman's novel, Love is a Fallacy, anti-women or anti men? Although the answer to this question is very argumentative, many people would read this essay and immediately agree that this essay was written in an anti-woman perspective. However, there are those who would view this essay in the anti-men perspective as well. Moreover, neither view is 100% accurate. The story does, in fact, have a number of anti-women elements; however, there are also anti-men characteristics that are included. This being said, equally strong arguments can be made for both sides. The view of this specific essay all depends on the reader. Therefore, this story is not only anti-women, but it is also anti-men. There are definitely elements of this essay that support the anti-women argument. For example, the narrator makes the character Polly out to be quite unintelligent and of a â€Å"ditzy† nature. Therefore, the narrator seems to think of Polly only in the way of being a woman of beauty. He did not want to date her for any other reason at all. This is noticed when he says â€Å"I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebral reason. I was a freshman in law school. In a few years, I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly†. This statement said by the narrator makes it clear that he views Polly only as a beautiful symbol and nothing more. Viewing Polly in this way the narrator is nothing short of being ant-women. Nevertheless, this story also has its anti-men elements. This essay revolves around a man who believes none can ever measure up to his greatness. The narrator classifies himself as â€Å"better than the rest†. To illustrate, the narrator does not believe that a woman as beautiful as Polly would go for a man with low intelligence such as Petey. The narrator believes, because Petey is not a law-student or as intelligent as himself, Petey is of a lower standard. The narrator believes he is superior to Petey. The narrator is represented as what has become something of a stereotypical, condescending man. The way the narrator looks down on Petey definitely falls into the anti-men argument. As it is now clear, this essay has both anti-women and anti-men elements. This essay was written purposely to be an argumentative essay; therefore, there is no right or wrong argument. Love is a Fallacy is a very controversial story, meaning that the view of this essay, whether it is anti-men or anti-women, all depends on the reader. As many readers would argue about whether this essay is anti-women or anti-men, unfortunately, this question can never be accurately answered. The argument about which side the story is based on could go on forever. The conclusion I have drawn about whether Schulman's essay is anti-women or anti-men is that its subject matter contains both anti-women and anti-men elements. Therefore, this essay is just as much anti-men as it is anti-women.

The Painted Door essays

The Painted Door essays Have you ever walked down the road, and saw a pie cooling in an old ladys window sill? The temptation of taking it and eating it is there, but can you resist? Ann, in The Painted Door by Sinclair Ross, couldnt resist the temptation that was in front of her. After her husband, John, had left to go visit his father, the storm outside got worse, and the chances of him coming home got slimmer. But John had arranged his younger, better looking neighbour to come over for dinner, and to help with some chores. Once John had left for his fathers, he had left his wife to paint the house unsupervised, unfortunately that wasnt the only thing he left unsupervised. After hours of loneliness, Steven had finally shown up. He assured Ann that John wouldnt be coming home, and if anything happened between them, no-one would find out. He offered himself throughout the night, and kept reassuring that John wouldnt be coming. Finally, Ann gave in, and they had slept together. But Ann saw some sha dows that she though could have been John, but ruled them out as a dream. In the morning, the curtain that was hung over the door was loose, from the so called wind. But when John was found later that day, it was assumed that he had died because of the cold, and wasnt going in the right direction. But when Ann examined the body, she noticed the paint on Johns hand which came from the wet paint on the door, which means he was in the shadows, and he loosened the curtains, and most importantly, saw the affair in action. Which means he meant to be walking in the direction he was found. ...